If two nutrient arteries were present, the distances between the tip of the trochanter and the upper and lower nutrient foramina were 10911 mm and 17324 mm, respectively. The proximal NF of the femur was regarded to be the major NF, because it was present in most dogs and had the largest diameter and the direction of the NC followed Brard's rule. Some fracture mimics have characteristic features. To provide anatomical data on the nutrient foramen (NF), the authors observed the number, site and its index (SI), position, diameter and penetrating direction of the nutrient canal (NC) in the femur and tibia of . Foramina were present mainly on the posterior surface of the bones [linea aspera in femur (96), below soleal line . Background: Nutrient artery canals of the femur are often visible on plain radiographs as radiolucent lines which may mimic fracture lines. The single nutrient foramen was 12612 mm away from the greater trochanter in cadaver specimens versus 13111 mm on angiography. A nutrient foramen (plural: nutrient foramina) or vascular channel is a small tunnel through the cortex of a long bone containing a nutrient artery which supplies the bone. Conclusion: The present study has reported the majority of nutrient foramina located in the middle third of femur along the linea aspera. The purpose of this study was to distinguish nutrient artery canals from fracture lines on plain radiographs. Number of foramina ranged from 0-3 in femur, 1-2 in tibia and 0-2 in fibula. [1] The nutrient arteries along with veins pass through this canal. femur (34) and 47.5% of left side femur (19), double nutrient foramina in 12.5% of right femur (5) and 52.5% of left femur (21). Results: Total nutrient foramen calculated; 178 in femur, 137 in tibia, 121 in fibula. The largest nutrient foramen in 19(42.2%) bones was located at the level of proximal one-third of linea aspera; in 17 (37.8%) bones at the level of middle one-third; and in 9 (20%) bones at the level of lower one-third of linea aspera (Figure). Triple nutrient foramen was seen in 2.5% right femur (1) where as it were not seen in left femur. Our bilateral case was a female measuring 145 cm. The foramina are known to mimic oblique fractures on plain radiographs 1. It has been observed that a total of 47 nutrient In lower limb, the lower end of femur and upper end of tibia are the growing ends. All of the foramina were directed towards the proximal end. Correlation with clinical findings is essential. The nutrient canal (foramen)is directed away from the growing end of bone. The foramina are known to mimic oblique fractures on plain radiographs 1. The diaphysial nutrient foramina on the femur were located at between 26.7-84.4% of the total length; while on the tibia between 11.0-67.2%; and on the fibula between 29.8-67.8% of the total . The nutrient foramen of the femur was located in the linea spera in the 72,5% (36,25% in the interstice, 8,75 in the lateral lip of the linea spera and 27,5 in the medial lip of the linea . Factors most likely to result in cement extravasation into the nutrient foramen include less oblique and wide foramen and those associated with the cement itself such as high pressure. The growing ends of bones in upper limb are upper end of humerus and lower ends of radius and ulna. As bones are the only tissues remaining from non-avian dinosaurs, the relationships between nutrient foramina size and metabolic capacity developed for mammals and reptiles can indicate the All human femoral nutrient foramina were also found to have a proximal directionality, different to all . There are numerous normal anatomical features which may mimic fractures. between femoral nutrient foramen size, bone volume, body mass and resting and maximum metabolic rates in living mammals and reptiles. Patient size associated with a narrow femur and the ability of the cement gun to occlude the medulla may . Genuine fractures are often accompanied by soft tissue swelling. A nutrient foramen (plural: nutrient foramina) or vascular channel is a small tunnel through the cortex of a long bone containing a nutrient artery which supplies the bone. Materials and methods: Ninety-three patients (102 hips) with an average age of 65.6 years were included in the study. Most had single foramen; femur (66%), tibia (96%) and fibula (94%). All human femoral nutrient foramina were found on the posterior surface (alongside the linea aspera, a site for muscle attachments running along the shaft), whereas all sheep and pig femoral foramina were located on the anterior bone surface. A nutrient foramen (plural: nutrient foramina) or vascular channel is a small tunnel through the cortex of a long bone containing a nutrient artery which supplies the bone. The foramina are known to mimic oblique fractures on plain radiographs 1. The most common location of nutrient foramen was the medial lip of linea aspera (n= 77, 41.85%). Careful correlation of X-ray findings with clinical features are often useful to eliminate significant injury.
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